Notes for Mpp Subject of Mba 1st Sem free essay sample

The executives is a crucial part of the financial existence of man, which is a composed gathering action. A focal coordinating and controlling organization is essential for a business concern. The profitable assets †material, work, capital and so on are depended to the organising aptitude, managerial capacity and ambitious activity of the administration. In this manner, the board gives administration to a business endeavor. Without capable supervisors and successful administrative initiative the assets of creation remain simply assets and never become creation. Under serious economy and ever-changing condition the quality and execution of supervisors decide both the endurance as In the expressions of George R Terry Management is an unmistakable procedure comprising of arranging, sorting out, inciting and controlling performed to decide and achieve the goals by the utilization of individuals and assets. As indicated by James L Lundy Management is basically the errand of arranging, co-ordinating, rousing and controlling the endeavors of others towards a particular target. We will compose a custom exposition test on Notes for Mpp Subject of Mba first Sem or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the expressions of Henry Fayol To oversee is to gauge and to design, to sort out, to order, to co-ordinate and to control. As per Peter F Drucker Management is a multi-reason organ that deals with a business and oversees chiefs and oversees specialist and work. In the expressions of J. N. Schulze Management is the power which leads, controls and coordinates an association in the achievement of a pre-decided item. In the expressions of Koontz and ODonnel Management is characterized as the creation and support of an inside situation in an undertaking where people cooperating in gatherings can perform productively and successfully towards the achievement of gathering objectives. As indicated by Ordway Tead Management is the procedure and office which coordinates and aides the tasks of an association in acknowledging of set up points. As per Stanley Vance Management is essentially the procedure of dynamic and command over the activities of people for the express motivation behind accomplishing pre-decided objectives. 8 According to Wheeler Business the board is a human action which coordinates and Management Science: Theory and Practice controls the association and activity of a business undertaking.

How Far Did Improvements During the Renaissance free essay sample

How far did enhancements during the renaissance make people’s life was better There were a ton of upgrades that the renaissance has made to make people’s life be vastly improved. For me, the most significant ones were first the clinical, innovation and to wrap things up the creations, which I will experience it beneath. The Renaissance was an extraordinary time of scholarly development and aesthetic advancement in Europe. As a feature of that researchers and masterminds started to shake free from the customary perspectives that administered medication in both the east and the west. The focal point of medicines was not, at this point a supernaturally appointed normal parity. Information progressed through the logical methodâ€conducting tests, gathering perceptions, arriving at resolutions. Data was spread by methods for a significant new technologyâ€printing. The underlying foundations of logical medication were set. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius (1514-64), a teacher at the University of Padua, distributed a dazzlingly represented life systems content. We will compose a custom paper test on How Far Did Improvements During the Renaissance or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page With information dependent on broad analyzation of human bodies, he introduced the primary to a great extent exact portrayal of the human body. Later anatomists at Padua included Gabriele Falloppio (1523-62), who depicted the female conceptive organs, giving his name to the Fallopian cylinders, and Girolamo Fabrizio (1537-1619), who recognized the valves of the heart. There were such huge numbers of significant innovative advances in the Renaissance. I would contend that one of the most significant of these advances was the print machine. The print machine was so significant on the grounds that it made written words a lot less expensive and more generally accessible than they at any point had been previously. This permitted more individuals to get instructed and it permitted thoughts to spread quickly. This encouraged such enormous social changes as the Protestant Reformation. Individuals across Europe had the option to peruse strict contentions and consider them for themselves. This prompted a crucial change in the public eye. Another significant mechanical development during the Renaissance (despite the fact that it is nothing contrasted with the print machine) is the advancement of astrophysicsâ through the works of Copernicus and Galileo. The heliocentric hypothesis had overwhelmed the philosophical and logical idea for a considerable length of time before it was scrutinized. Because of the perceptions led in magnificent bodies, more modifications and better changes came to articles, for example, the screwdriver and the telescope just to make reference to a little model. However, those little switches compensate for an enormous impact in progress. There were a great deal of astounding developments in the renaissance. Do you realize when was the clock alongside you created from? Undoubtedly, it was developed in the renaissance. And furthermore a great deal of things that you utilize ordinary were imagined in the renaissance. The mechanical check was concocted in the start of thirteenth century. It is proper to state that the advancement in innovation of mechanical clock occurred step by step. The most punctual plan of mechanical clock joined a drum containing mercury and which was driven by loads. The drums utilized in these mechanical tickers had compartments loaded up with mercury. The mercury went through openings present in the compartments and in this manner controlled the rate at which drum development occurred. Estimation of daytime in a 24 hour cycle got conceivable after the innovation of this clock. Salvino DArmato degli Armati from Italy is credited with making wearable eyeglasses in 1284. It was not until fifteenth century that glasses for conditions like hyperopia, nearsightedness and presbyopia were made. Roger Bacon is said to have utilized perusing glasses in the year 1268 AD. It is be that as it may, not unmistakably known whether he utilized understanding stones or legitimate focal points fitted in outlines. Hans Janssen built up the primary compound magnifying instrument in 1509. The way that putting one glass behind different expands their amplifying power lead to the advancement of compound magnifying instrument. Most punctual types of magnifying lens offered 20-30 times more prominent amplification of articles. The compass was first utilized by a Chinese explorer Zheng He (1371-1435). He is known to have attempted seven sea journeys in the period somewhere in the range of 1405 and 1433 AD. The Europeans came to thought about the compass later on. The main flush latrine was made in 1596 by John Harrington. It was simply following 200 years after this creation that the flush can was reevaluated by Alexander Cummings. Other than these astounding creations there are as yet huge numbers of them can be told. With everything taken into account, the clinical, innovation and developments have certainly made people’s life simpler and better. Without them we will most likely not have everything before us now.

Motifs in Grendel Essay

All through John Gardner’s epic, Grendel, there are numerous abstract devices and compositional dangers used to help the general significance of the story and to show change in the primary character, Grendel. One compositional hazard that Gardner utilizes very successfully is theme. A theme is characterized as repeating structures, contrasts, or scholarly gadgets that can assist with creating and illuminate the piece’s significant topics. The best theme Gardner utilizes throughout the novel is the repetitive references to the indications of the zodiac. Other significant themes referenced in Grendel are the seasons, hardware, and the number twelve. Beginning in part one, Gardner adequately utilizes the zodiac signs to fortify the progressions in Grendel and the adjustments in time. Grendel is part into twelve sections, each comparing to an alternate zodiac sign. In every section, one of the twelve zodiac signs is referenced in any event once. The zodiac references additionally show up in the specific request as the schedule, beginning with Aries in part one and consummation with Pisces in section twelve. Truth be told, the absolute first sentence of the novel is a reference to the main zodiac sign. â€Å"The old slam stands looking down over rockslides, idiotically triumphant. † (Gardner 5) This is a straightforward zodiac reference and other basic references happen in parts two and ten, when Grendel experiences a bull and goat individually. Be that as it may, a portion of the zodiac references are harder to find. Parts five and seven are among the troublesome references. Part five alludes to Leo the Lion, however a lion is never referenced in the content. Section seven alludes to Libra the Balance. The peruser must deduce the harmony offering of Wealtheow to speak to a power of harmony between the Scyldings and the Helmings. Another theme utilized amazingly adequately all through Grendel is the seasons. Grendel is certifiably not a novel written in sequential request. The book starts to some degree toward the end, at that point enters a progression of flashbacks, and finishes in the present. In any case, despite the fact that the novel skips around sequentially, it is designed after the entry of a one-year schedule. The epic starts in the spring of Grendel’s a year ago alive and finishes with him dieing the accompanying winter. This is suitable on the grounds that spring ordinarily speaks to development and fresh starts, so this is a perfect spot to begin a story. It is additionally proper on the grounds that winter typically represents demise and Grendel is killed by Beowulf throughout the winter. Apparatus is another theme used to flawlessness by Gardner in Grendel. Ordinarily over the span of the novel, Grendel utilizes illustrations portraying creatures and people as â€Å"machine-like† on the grounds that they carelessly hold fast to set examples of conduct. Grendel first notification this in the slam, which intuitively reacts to the appearance of spring and won't leave regardless of what Grendel does in light of the fact that the season has arrived. â€Å"I shake my two bushy clench hands at the sky and I let out a cry so unspeakable that the water at my feet turns abrupt ice and even I myself am left uncomfortable. Be that as it may, the smash stays; the season has arrived. † (Gardner 5) Later in the book, Grendel portrays himself as â€Å"mechanical as anything else† when the warm climate makes him start his strikes on the mead corridor. One last theme utilized all through Grendel is the centrality of the number twelve. To begin, there are a year in a year and the story is broken into twelve sections. Next, there are twelve zodiac signs and each of the twelve zodiac signs are referenced in the book. At last, there are twelve years in the war between the Danes and Grendel, with Grendel being killed by means of Beowulf in the twelfth and last year of the war. Clearly the number twelve is a common subject all through the novel creation it a critical theme. A theme is characterized as repeating structures, contrasts, or abstract gadgets that can assist with creating and educate the piece’s significant subjects. John Gardner utilizes numerous themes all through Grendel to help clarify the story and topics in the story. The best theme utilized is the zodiac imagery in every section, except the themes of the seasons, hardware, and the number twelve are likewise basic in clarifying the general significance of the story. Themes ought to be utilized at whatever point conceivable to help clarify a story, in addition to they give perusers a fascinating subject for banter while talking about a novel.

Corrosion Issue of Stainless Steel in Reinforced Structures - 550 Words

Corrosion Issue of Stainless Steel in Reinforced Structures (Research Paper Sample) Content: Corrosion of Reinforced Steel[name][institutional affiliation] * IntroductionThe article selected is based on the experimental analysis of the protection systems used to tackle the problem of corrosion in the steel reinforcements. According to the authors, Zacharapoulou, Zacharapoulou, Batis (2014), the increasing destruction of the concrete structures due to the corrosion of the steel reinforcements is a growing problem that needs to be addressed. This problem is greater in the areas which are closer to the water sources like rivers and sea. It is a known fact that the chloride ions are one of the main reasons behind the rapid corrosion of the steel materials. To prevent the structures from the destruction caused by the chloride ions protection technique like coating is commonly used. According to Batis et.al, (2014) a method is developed to prevent the steel from atmospheric corrosion. This method involves the use of inhibitors which are organic or inorganic salts mixed with the concrete to protect the steel reinforcements.In my opinion, as the technical reviewer the authors missed an important point while discussing the importance of inhibitors to prevent the corrosion. The fact is explained in another article by Abdulrahman, Ismail, Hussain, (2011). According to them, the exposure of the inhibitors to the human is hazardous to the health. They have categorized the hazards into Lethal Dose and Lethal Concentration. According to the experiments conducted by them, the exposure to the Lethal Dose killed 50% of the animal population while on the hand the Lethal Concentration is the composition of the inhibitors in the air or water and it also killed 50% of the test population in the experiment. The Biological Oxygen Demand of the inhibitors should be at least 60% to make them feasible for protection (Hussain et.al, 2011). The reinforced concrete according to the authors of the selected article is the most used material for the construction. De spite its durability, it is noted that after the duration of 100 years the gradual damage of the material starts. According to Batis et.al, (2014), the most important factor in the damage is the corrosion of the steel reinforcements in the construction and it needs to be addressed. * Experimental AnalysisThe authors Batis et.al, (2014) discussed their experiment. There were groups of the specimens created and each contained 6 specimens. The dimensions of the each specimen were a cube of 100 ÃÆ' 100 mm and had 4 rebars at the same distance from the center of the specimen. The cement mortar included a type corrosion inhibitor and inhibitor was introduced as an admixture or sprayed on the external surface of the mortar. To obtain the electromechanical values from the specimen each was enwrapped with the copper values. The specimens were dipped in the 3.5wt% solution of NaCl and analyzed electromechanically for their behavior.Table: Chemical Composition of Mortar and Steel specimens (S ource Batis et.al, 2014).The figure below represents the corrosion of the specimens with respect to time. It is represented as a function of the exposure period. The groups of the specimens were dipped in the 3.5% NaCl solution for a period of 23 months and their rate of corrosion is noted.Figure: Corrosion potential with respect to time (Source Batis et.al, 2014).According to the authors Batis et., al, (2014) the commercial inhibitors which are added or sprayed over the cement mortar not only prevent the structure from corrosion but also have an impact on the strength and othe...

“Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized” Essay - 982 Words

PONTICIFICA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA MDRE Y MAESTRA. RECINTO SANTO TOMAS DE AQUINO. Academic Writing ILE-322 Student Name: Leslie Herrera. ID Number: 2009-5699 Teacher: Emilia Gracia Final Draft: Essay 3. â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized†. July 18th 2012. Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized. As we know, same-sex marriage has been discussed and argued for a long time. Within the controversial topic of gay rights, there’s no area more controversial than same-sex marriage. And all of us ask ourselves if same-sex marriage should be legal or not. But the fact is that we have to start thinking about it as a moral and religious topic. The government shouldn’t legalize the same-sex marriage because the†¦show more content†¦Therefore, same-sex marriage is totally the opposite of the traditional institution of marriage; those are two things that cannot have the same rights, and actually God made us to be heterosexual no homosexual. In addition, marriage is a religious rite. â€Å"Gay marriage is not compatible with the beliefs, sacred texts, and traditions of many religious groups† (ProCon.org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage,  ¶4). In fact, we know that most of the religions are opposing same-sex marriage, because they are always guided by the Bible and God’s commandments and his teachings. â€Å"Marriage was established by the Creator with its own nature, essential properties and purpose. No ideology can erase from the human spirit the certainty that marriage exists solely between a man and a woman† (ProCon.org, 2011, Con Gay Marriage,  ¶12). If same-sex is legalized, churches and other religious institutions would be forced to change their rules in order to marry same-sex marriage couples. Furthermore, one of the biggest problems for society and probably the most important for new generations is that same-sex marriage would be that those couples will be able to adopt children if they are given the right to marry. â€Å"The institution of marriage as a union of man and woman, uniquely involving the procreation and rearing of children within a family, is as old asShow MoreRelatedShould Same-Sex Marriages Be Legalized?. Same-Sex Marriages2063 Words   |  9 PagesShould Same-Sex Marriages Be Legalized? Same-sex marriages should be illegal because the increase of marriages with the same sex has aroused conflicts in society, affects on children, and religiously. Therefore one must halt the proposal. The history of homosexuality has a lot of stories to tell, however, the beginning of it all would begin shortly and oddly. On the Western contemporary concept of homosexuality would relatively currently be considered new during the day of time. Ideas of homosexualityRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized . The Same Sex Marriage1723 Words   |  7 Pages Same sex marriage should be legalized The same sex marriage has been widely debated in many countries for a long time. It is an important issue because it concerns basic moral and human rights. People all over the world come to the United States in search of freedom and equality. Being able to marry anyone, no matter the gender, is a freedom of right, but if that freedom of right is taken away from people than there is no equality. Homosexual peopleRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized926 Words   |  4 Pageshave misunderstood the meaning of marriage. Marriage is not just a term to describe relationship that are precious to us, it’s more than just a union of heart and mind; it’s an institution between a man and a women. biblically, marriage is a life time union of a man and a women, primarily for the purpose of building a family and providing a stable environments for that family (1 Corinthian 7:2 16) According to Peter Sprigg, same sex marriage should not be legalized because of its immediate and long-termRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized1361 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex marriage has been the topic of an ongoing controversial debate in many countries for a long time now. This is an important issue because it concerns the basic principle of human rights and basic morality. Same sex marriage should be legalized; it is a violation of human rights, there are many misconceptions of same sex individuals, and allowing same sex marriage to be legalized would provide a boost to the economy. There are many misconceptions of homosexual people. A common myth is thatRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized1562 Words   |  7 Pages~ Busse Same-Sex Debate Essay ~ Ever since the time when America studied family values and focused on healthy and important influences, marriage was considered to be between man and woman holding a physical and spiritual bond between each other, not between man and man and woman and woman. Some may see marriage as between two people of the same gender, or what is known as same-sex marriage. This form of marriage became popular in the U.S. during the 1960’s and 1970’s due to the urge of legalizationRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized898 Words   |  4 Pages2015 same sex marriage was legalized in all fifty states. Many arguments have come around about if homosexuality is genetic or if its chosen. Many people think either way and there aren’t many people who are in between thinking that homosexuality is chosen or not. The song â€Å"Same Love† by Macklemore was released in 2015 when all of the media slowed down about homosexuality and after same sex marriage was legalize d. So when Macklemore released this song more attention came to same sex marriage. ThisRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized?1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe â€Å"date which will live in infamy† just had a child! As of June 26, 2015, same-sex marriage was legalized in all 50 states of America by the Supreme Court from a ruling that barely passed by a 5-4 vote. Wait a minute. Back up. Do you mean to tell me that boys can marry boys now? That girls can marry girls? That it’s legal?! Wake up America! Do you even realize what you have done? You have given gay people the right to marry. To marry! Who in their right mind would give gay people that cherishedRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized?945 Words   |  4 PagesShould Same-Sex Marriage Be Legalized? Regardless of color, ethnicity, culture or religion, marriage has been and always have considered to be a man and a woman. This concern has been a debating and a hot topic currently in the United States p olitics, it is prohibited in a majority of the nation till the President have pass the law for same-sex marriage. With this question, I feel that same sex marriage should not be legalized, but it cannot be banned. I sense that a marriage is intensely betweenRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized972 Words   |  4 PagesSame sex couples have been waiting for same sex marriage to be legalized for many decades. According to Ken LaMance, â€Å"One of the first documented challenges to same-sex marriages occurred on May 18th, 1970, where two men applied for a marriage license in Heppenin County, Minnesota† (LaMance). Their request was denied because they felt marriage should be between a man and a woman. Civil Unions were the first step in legalizing same sex marriage. Civil Unions were introduced in 2000 in Vermont. CivilRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized910 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex marriages also know, as gay/ Lesbian marriage is marriage between peop le of the same sex either as a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting. In the late 20th century. Religious rites of marriage without legal recognition became increasingly common. In the 21st centuries various types of the same-sex unions have come to be legalized. As of 26 June 2015, eighteen countries; Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway

Physiological Principles for Health and Social Care

Question: Describe about the Physiological Principles for Health and Social Care. Answer: 1.The anatomical features in each of the body systems interact with each other for keeping the organism healthy. All of them have various functions and operations that are dependent and interconnected with each other. The brain functions by receiving information and signals from the various organs and responds to those signals for maintaining proper functioning (Standring 2015). The main anatomical systems of the human body have been listed below. Digestive system Endocrine system Immune system Lymphatic system Nervous system Muscular system Reproductive system Respiratory system Urinary system Integumentary or skin system The instructions are given by the nervous system by the electrical impulses and send them through the nerves for commanding and functioning of the various organs. The nutrients are broken down by the digestive system and help them to enter the blood stream that is mediated by the circulatory system. The heart pumps blood into the lungs that involve the circulatory system and the lungs pump oxygen into the blood that involves the respiratory system. All the organs that make up the organ system are protected by the skeletal system and the muscular system connects the muscles with the bones and brings about the physical activities. The integumentary system houses all the systems under one roof by the skin (Forbes 2012). Cardiovascular system is the organ system that causes the blood to circulate throughout the body and transport the essential nutrients, gases, blood cells and hormones with it. These materials are transported to and from the body cells and help to provide nourishment, fight diseases, stabilize pH and temperature and maintenance of homeostasis (Houdas and Ring 2013). The essential organs of the cardiovascular system include the heart, blood vessels and blood and there are two types of circulation, pulmonary and systemic. Respiratory system is the biological system involved in the respiratory process in an organism. The system acts as a medium for the intake and exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the environment. In the human body, lungs are the organs chiefly responsible for respiration. The process of ventilation and breathing involves the processes of inhalation and exhalation. Inhalation is the process of intake of oxygen and exhalation involves the expulsion of carbon dioxide (Hall 2015). Urinary system is also known as the renal system that consists of the vital organs like kidney, bladder, urethra and ureters. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys (Sherwood 2015). The primary functions of the urinary system include the elimination of the body wastes, regulation of blood pressure and blood volume, controlling the levels of metabolites and electrolytes and regulation of the blood pH. Cellular metabolism is a collection of chemical reactions that takes place in the human body for maintaining life. It involves the complex sequences of some biochemical reactions that are controlled and are also known as metabolic pathways (Gropper and Smith 2012). These pathways allow the human beings to reproduce and grow by maintaining their structures and respond to the changes in the environment. Cellular metabolism can be classified as catabolism and anabolism. Anabolism is a constructive process of metabolism wherein energy is used by the cells for constructing molecules like nucleic acids and enzymes and aids in the performance other important functions of life. There are three basic stages of anabolism like precursor production, reactive form activation and assembling the precursors into the complex molecules. Catabolism is the process of metabolism in which the complex molecules are broken down by the cells. The main purpose of these reactions is providing the components and energy required buy the anabolic reactions. Catabolism is an exothermic process that is further classified as protein, fat and carbohydrate catabolism (Mady 2013). The cells of the human body are dependent on the products of the digestive system and the respiratory system for maintaining themselves. For producing energy, cellular metabolism is required where the cells burn the nutrient molecules that are fuelled by oxygen (Herman 2016). The digestive system provides nutrient molecules and oxygen is provided by the respiratory system. Therefore, both these systems work together to provide the cells with the oxygen and nutrients that are required to produce energy by the process of cellular metabolism. Growth hormone is also known as the human growth hormone or somatotropin is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland from the anterior lobe. It promotes the growth of all the body tissues that also includes the bones. It is secreted and synthesized by the somatotrophs and is vital for the physical growth of the human body (Chapman et al. 2013). It essentially acts by production of more cells during the developmental stage. Biochemically, growth hormone stimulates the synthesis of proteins and increases the breakdown of fat for providing the energy that is necessary for the growth of the tissues. The hormone also antagonizes the actions of insulin. They act directly on the cells and tissues but the liver stimulation and other tissues that are responsible for releasing and producing the insulin-like growth factors mediate its effect. These factors act by mimicking the actions of insulin and stimulate growth (Mayo, Godfrey and Suhr 2013). However, the secretion of the growth hormones are stimulated by the growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin inhibits it. The secretion of these hormones is pulsatile and the secretions surge after deep sleep are commenced. After puberty, the concentration of the hormones keeps decreasing. The secretion of growth hormone increases with the decreased intake in food and the physiological stress and it is decreased with response to the food ingestion (Harvey et al. 2015). The abnormalities in the growth hormone secretion affect the body as it leads to either overabundance or deficiency of the hormone, exhibiting their respective effects. The function of growth hormone in children is to promote growth and in adults, it helps to cause metabolism and maintain the normal structure of the body. It also helps to keep the levels of blood glucose within controlled levels (Sonntag et al. 2012). The release of the hormone is not continuous and it releases in the form of bursts after every three or five hours. 2.Everyday physical activities involve movements of the body that help to burn calories. The student does a number of physical activities during his college hours that require the co-ordination of all the organ systems that provides him with the energy and facilities. These help him to carry out his daily physical activities during his daily college hours. Physical activities are a type of exercise that involves repetitive movements that require energy for developing or strengthening the body parts (Lovallo 2015). The primary organ systems involved in the process are respiratory, cardiovascular, digestion, excretion, etc. Though all these systems act together to give the individual the required energy to perform, but respiratory system is one of the most important systems that is required for the everyday physical activities. An increase in the physical activity causes an increase in the respiratory activity of the muscles than it is as rest. The breathing gets heavier and faster during the different activities at the college hours that may also include sports (Levi 2013). The rate of breathing increases until the muscles reach their maximum limits of intake of air. The maximum capacity of oxygen intake is tested during the time of sports activities and more the capacity, more is the fitness. For an efficient physical activity, it has to be well supported by the respiratory system for proper gaseous exchange. The respiratory system includes the body parts like lungs, nasal cavity and the diaphragm. The respiratory system is chiefly responsible for transporting carbon dioxide and oxygen to and from the tissues and muscles. While performing the daily physical activities, there is an increase in the respiratory system for meeting the demands of the muscles that are working (Parizkova 2012). The respiratory system also keeps into the loop the cardiovascular system and the supporting organs like heart, blood vessels and blood for transporting carbon dioxide and oxygen. During a stressed physical activity like climbing stairs or playing an outdoor game, the adrenal gland increases the secretion of the hormones noradrenaline and adrenaline affects the heart and the transportation of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the body. These hormones influence directly the sympathetic nerves for stimulating to beat harder for increasing the stroke volume. In addition, the heart beats faster for facilitating an increased heart rate so that an overall increase is achieved in the cardiac output (Kenney, Wilmore and Costill 2015). The human body requires more oxygen while in motion than while at rest. For meeting the increased demand for oxygen by the working muscles, extra oxygen has to be supplied by the blood vessels. While performing the physical tasks, the sympathetic nerves act by stimulating the veins to be constricted for allowing more blood to return to the heart (Kisner and Colby 2012). This returning blood contains carbon dioxide collected from the muscles and increases the stroke volume by about 30% - 40% of the heart. After receiving excess amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen transported from the different organs, the rate of breathing and respiratory rate increases. This increase of respiratory rate is also influenced by the sympathetic nerves that stimulate the muscles that are involved in the increased respiratory rate. While at rest, the rate of breathing is 14 per minute whereas, during physical activities, the rate is 32 per minute. This increased rate of respiration promotes the reaching of oxygen to the lungs and delivery of blood to the muscles (Goodman and Fuller 2014). The respiratory system has two portions of respiratory and conducting portions. The conducting portion provides the passageways for the gases in and out of the body. The respiratory portion is the actual site of gaseous exchange. The transition from the resting state to the activity stage is accompanied by an increase in the rate of respiration. It also depends on the environment of the college where the student performs his physical activities. If the environment of the college is hot and humid, heat loss is inhibited and the internal body temperature increases (Everly Jr and Rosenfeld 2012). Therefore, gaseous exchange rate also increases at the capillary and alveolar levels. The blood vessels in the lungs are dilated and surface area of the air sacs is enhanced. Supposedly, if the student is overweight or obese or has any type of lung disease, the respiratory functions are impaired and the respiratory rate of the student is limited, with limited physical activities. While performing the physical activities during the college hours, the student come across several internal activities that require coordination with homeostasis. Homeostasis is a steady and constant environment that the body maintains despite the external changes due to the physical activities. Pounding of the heart, heavy breathing and sweating are the vital physiological factors for maintaining the state of homeostasis by the body (Penev 2012). Due to the physical activities, the levels of blood oxygen, body temperature, hydration and sugar levels are all affected and require the preservation of the water levels and normal temperature. Drinking excess fluids and proper eating helps the body to maintain the homeostasis. Heat is produced while food is converted to energy. This additional heat causes an elevation in the body temperature that is kept under control by homeostasis. Dilation of the blood vessels in the skin increases the blood flow to the skin thereby causing more dissipation of the heat from the skin. This causes sweating and therefore the body temperature gets cool and steady. Delivering nutrients and blood to the working muscles helps to keep the body temperature within a normal range. During the physical activities, the muscles demand more oxygen and the body responds to the situation by increasing the heart rate, thereby increasing the blood supply to the working muscles (Hansen et al. 2013). This phenomenon is supported by the hormones that facilitate the supply of nutrients and oxygenated blood to the muscles causing a steady maintenance of the body temperature. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose for meeting the immediate need for energy. During physical activities, the glycogen stores in the liver and muscle break down for increasing the levels of blood glucose. The glucose so released helps to maintain the energy needs and helps to prevent dizziness and weakness and this can be prevented by maintaining high glycogen storage in the body. Therefore, the student must eat a diet that contains high levels of carbohydrate for maintaining his energy level throughout the day. 3.Hypertension is a medical condition where the arterial blood pressure is elevated. High blood pressure for a long term leads to the pathological conditions like heart failure, stroke, coronary heart disease, vision loss, peripheral vascular disease along with chronic kidney disease. The routine tests that the GP could have recommended for him are temperature, breath rate, pulse rate, body mass index, blood pressure, blood and urine tests, basal metabolic rate, chest x-ray, stress test and electrocardiogram. Ethical considerations should be regarded as an important parameter that is associated with the dignity, individual rights and privacy of the patient while conducting the routine measures for hypertension. Since the patient is a 65 year old man and the routine measures include several complicated medical tests, therefore the patient might get anxious or show disagreement for the tests. Therefore, these have to be dealt ethically keeping in mind the condition of the patient. Regarding BMI of the patient, if he is an obese patient, then he should be observed in a non-judgmental manner irrespective of his physical appearance. Any type of refusal or negligence may hurt the dignity of the patient and the individual right of the patient for proper treatment may get affected (Gooding et al. 2014). Therefore, ethical considerations have to be maintained, as it is required for the health and social care issues like monitoring the progress, legal issues and decision making for the continuation of the treatment. Since the patient is aged, therefore, he may have the complications of pulse rate and the routine measurement can exhibit elevated pulse rates. The elevation may be due to several reasons like excessive alcohol intake, emotional state of anxiety and fear, sedentary lifestyle, etc. as all these contribute towards the occurrence of hypertension. The patient should be counseled ethically without hurting the privacy of his personal life and ask him to live a healthy life as this will lead to progress of his health (Harris et al. 2016). Food intake of the patient should be recorded appropriately and the data should be kept confidential for maintaining privacy or this will lead to the legal breaching of information. Blood tests should be done with proper consent of the patient, as it will provide with proper decision-making liberty as the test may hurt him. Blood pressure and respiration rate studies have to be done at the correct settings, as this will require the exposure of his body. Doing it in public may affect his dignity and further monitoring of the progress becomes difficult, in terms of the health and social care. For hypertension, measurement of the vital signs is extremely important that includes the measurement of body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate and blood pressure. Body temperature of an individual varies is highly dependent on the recent activity, gender, fluid and food consumption and time of the day. The range of normal temperature ranges from 97.8C to 99C and they can be recorded rectally, orally, by skin and ear and axillary ways (Jennings and Touyz 2013). Abnormal body temperature may be due to fever or hypothermia. Increase in temperature causes fever and decrease in temperature cause hypothermia and these are related to the fever for hypertension and hypothermia for hypotension. Pulse rate measures the heartbeats per minute. Flow of blood from the arteries causes it to contract and expand and helps to measure the pulse strength and heart rhythm. The normal range of pulse rate for the healthy adults is 60 100 beats per minute. Fluctuations occur in the rates with illness, exercise, emotions and injury. It is measured by counting the rate from the arteries as blood flows through them by placing the fingertips over the arteries. The time is noted by a clock and is counted for 60 seconds. For the patient with hypertension, the patient will have higher pulse rates. The number of breaths per minute at rest measures respiration rate. The normal range for respiration rate ranges from 12 16 breadths per minute and it is measured by counting the number of times the chest rises. It increases with illness, fever and other pathological conditions. However, the patient with hypertension will have no significant effect or little-elevated effects on the respiration rate. Blood pressure is measured with the help of a stethoscope and pressure cuff and measures the pressure of blood on the walls of the arteries. Hypertension leads to high blood pressure and the systolic and diastolic pressures are elevated. Body mass index is the body mass that is divided by the square of the body height. For the measurement, the height and weight of the patient have to be collected and calculated using the formula given below. BMI = Mass (Height)2 Hypertension is a result of higher BMI and more the weight of the patient or if the patient is obese, more is the risk of developing hypertension. Electrocardiogram or ECG measures the organ damage in a patient with hypertension. Various parameters are measured using the device like left arterial enlargement, ventricular premature beats, myocardial ischemia, etc. If the patient is having any complexity of the heart other than hypertension, it will be reflected in the ECG report (Hackam et al. 2013). The GP will be provided with the information that is gathered from the reports of the routine measures and further care planning have to be established. Since the patient is also experiencing chest pain, therefore immediate intervention has to be provided. Since the patient is aged, his arteries have got stiffened and excessive force is required for expelling oxygenated blood through his arteries. Poor diet can further worsen the case. Consuming more than 1.5gms of sodium can result in water retention in the body and increases the heart workload. High fat diet can cause narrowing and blockage of the heart. From the routine measures and present condition of the patient, a care plan have to be designed that will cause effective recovery of the patient (Gmez-Marcos et al. 2012). Administration of Lisinopril 10mg on a daily basis will lower the blood pressure as it is an ACE inhibitor. Future episodes of hypertension can also be prevented with the medication. Regular monitoring of the blood pressure is also essential. Foods high in sodium and fat have to be avoided as they cause water retention and narrowing of the arteries, thereby promoting hypertension. 4.The body structure and functioning declines with aging as the vital organs start losing their functioning. The body's tissues, cells and organs affect the functioning of the all the systems of the body. The nervous system of the body is responsible for controlling the memories and thoughts, senses and movements. The nervous system also controls bowels and heart. With aging, the nervous system along with the brain undergoes natural changes along with aging. The spinal cord and brain start losing weight and nerve cells and transmission of nerve impulses slows down (Moore, Dalley and Agur 2013). Breakdown of the nerve cells may result in the accumulation of the waste products in the brain and can cause abnormal changes like tangles and plaques to form. Lipofuscin also starts to build up in the nerve tissues that affect the senses and result in lost sensation and reflexes, causing problems with safety and movement. Aging has its impact on the respiratory system as well where there is a downfall of the maximum functionality. The lungs undergo many changes due to aging that ultimately affects the breathing process of the elderly patients. There occurs a decrease in the gaseous exchange and peak airflow. The lung function of vital capacity also decreases. The respiratory muscles get weakened and the effectiveness of the mechanisms for lung defense also declines. The older person loses their ability to perform vigorous physical activities and exercises. Age-related heart diseases also cause several limitations as they are related to the respiratory system for performance of vigorous exercises. Lung functions also are reduced by obesity. Aging also makes the older susceptible to pneumonia after a viral or bacterial infection (Schore 2015). Therefore, they have to be immunized for influenza and pneumonia to prevent the occurrence of such infections. Although there are no symptoms in healthy aged peop le for reduced lung functions, it is reflected in their reduced ability to performing tasks. The woman is of the age 85 years and is suffering from two diseases, commonly seen among the elderly population. In addition, there have been several changes in her body structure and functioning. This is because her body cells are also aging and they are losing their functionality along with the increasing age. This is affecting the tissues and ultimately the organs and organ systems and is being exhibited in her changed body structure and functions. The woman is suffering from diabetes type 2, knee arthritis and a wound on her leg. These pathological conditions have impact on her body structure and functions. Diabetes type 2 can cause long-term damage to the different organs of the body and can lead to diabetic complications. Since it acts on the nerves and blood vessels, so they can affect any organ or organ system. It takes time to develop the complications but they can be controlled with a restricted lifestyle and proper medications. Since the woman is having the disease since last few years, therefore it has affected her several body organs. Diabetes type 2 has profound effects on the heart. It leads to coronary heart disease, as it is a major cause of hypertension and increased cholesterol levels, thereby promoting cardiovascular diseases and heart attack. It also affects the eyes with the complication of diabetic retinopathy. The blood vessels in the retina start leaking and swelling and causing the condition (Inzucchi et al. 2014). Diabetes affects kidneys as well with the complication of diabetic nephropathy and is a result of several years of diabetes. Diabetes also affects the nerves causing tingling or numbness in the feet and hands, excessive sweating, delayed emptying of stomach, etc. All these symptoms contribute towards the development of diabetic neuropathy. Digestion is another aspect that gets affected by diabetes causing diarrhea, constipation and nausea. Knee arthritis or osteoarthritis is an arthritis of wear and tear type that causes several complications of the knees. There occur swelling and stiffness in the joints and the straightening and bending of the knees become difficult. Vigorous physical activities intensify the pain and give a feeling of buckling and weakness of the knee. Resting or sitting position may worsen the swelling and pain, especially in the morning (Juhl et al. 2014). The woman is having the wound on her leg for a long time and it is not getting well chiefly due her complication of diabetes. Endothelial progenitor cells primarily produced in the bone marrow are responsible for wound healing. Due to diabetes, the formation of these cells is reduced and the process of wound healing is elongated. Routine care of the woman should include different interventions for the different pathological conditions. The preliminary care for diabetes type 2 starts with proper exercise and diet. Low glycaemic index and high fibre sources of carbohydrate with low-fat foods are the primary requirements for a proper diet for the condition. Weight should be under control and weight gain should be avoided. Controlling the blood glucose level with regular monitoring is essential and this is done by several pharmacological interventions. Sulfonylurea and Pioglitazone have been the drug of choice for this condition, along with Metformin. Insulin dose titration is also recommended in typical cases. Blood pressure control along with renal monitoring and serum lipid levels have to be under control and regularly evaluated (Scheen and Paquot 2013). There is no cure available for arthritis of the knee, however, the symptoms can be controlled. Light exercises can improve the condition and help to lose weight. Medications have to be administered as per the requirement, depending upon the pain intensity (Sluis et al. 2015). Assistive devices can give support to the knee like a splint that helps in flexible movement of the joint. For her wound on leg, it should be protected from infections and contaminations, antibiotics and other medications should be administered, risk of complication has to be reduced, proper dressing of the wound are the routine care that can be administered to the woman. Antibiotics should be administered only after the sensitivity testing. References Chapman, I.M., Hartman, M.L., Pezzoli, S.S., Harrell Jr, F.E., Hintz, R.L., Alberti, K.G.M.M. and Thorner, M.O., 2013. Effect of aging on the sensitivity of growth hormone secretion to insulin-like growth Factor-I negative feedback1.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism. Everly Jr, G.S. and Rosenfeld, R., 2012.The nature and treatment of the stress response: A practical guide for clinicians. Springer Science Business Media. Forbes, G.B., 2012.Human body composition: growth, aging, nutrition, and activity. Springer Science Business Media. 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Hypertension Canada's 2016 Canadian Hypertension Education Program guidelines for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, and assessment of risk of pediatric hypertension.Canadian Journal of Cardiology,32(5), pp.589-597. Harvey, S., Martnez-Moreno, C.G., Luna, M. and Armburo, C., 2015. Autocrine/paracrine roles of extrapituitary growth hormone and prolactin in health and disease: An overview.General and comparative endocrinology,220, pp.103-111. Herman, I.P., 2016.Physics of the human body. Springer. Houdas, Y. and Ring, E.F.J., 2013.Human body temperature: its measurement and regulation. Springer Science Business Media. Inzucchi, S.E., Lipska, K.J., Mayo, H., Bailey, C.J. and McGuire, D.K., 2014. Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: a systematic review.Jama,312(24), pp.2668-2675. Jennings, G.L. and Touyz, R.M., 2013. Hypertension Guidelines More Challenges Highlighted by Europe.Hypertension,62(4), pp.660-665. Juhl, C., Christensen, R., Roos, E.M., Zhang, W. and Lund, H., 2014. Impact of Exercise Type and Dose on Pain and Disability in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Regression Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Arthritis rheumatology,66(3), pp.622-636. Kenney, W.L., Wilmore, J. and Costill, D., 2015.Physiology of Sport and Exercise 6th Edition. Human kinetics. Kisner, C. and Colby, L.A., 2012.Therapeutic exercise: foundations and techniques. Fa Davis. Levi, L. ed., 2013.Stress and distress in response to psychosocial stimuli: laboratory and real-life studies on sympatho-adrenomedullary and related reactions. Elsevier. Lovallo, W.R., 2015.Stress and health: Biological and psychological interactions. Sage publications. Mady, C.E.K., 2013. Human body exergy metabolism.International Journal of Thermodynamics,16(2), pp.73-80. Mayo, K.E., Godfrey, P.A. and Suhr, S.T., 2013, October. Growth hormone-releasing hormone: synthesis and signal ing. 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